Official Seal of the House of Representatives of the Philippines
The Usa Congress is the legislative branch of the federal regime and consists of ii houses: the lower house known as the House of Representatives and the upper business firm known equally the Senate. The words "Congress" and "House" are sometimes used colloquially to refer to the House of Representatives. There are 535 members of Congress: 100 senators and 435 representatives in the House.
Republicans currently control the Senate (54 to 44 Democrats) and the House (246 to 188).
Comparing nautical chart
 | House of Representatives | Senate |
|---|---|---|
| Introduction | The United States House of Representatives is one of the 2 houses of the United States Congress. Information technology is frequently referred to as the Firm. | The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the Us Congress. |
| Type | Lower house. Responds to the needs of the people faster since representatives only have a ii year term. Laws dealing with acquirement must start in the House. | Upper house. The six yr term means the Senate tin can exist slower and consider the long-term effects of laws. |
| Seats | 435 voting members, 6 non-voting members: 5 delegates, ane resident commissioner | 100 |
| Seats apportioned | Based on the population of each state | Two for each state |
| Length of term | 2 years. All 435 seats are up for reelection every two years. | 6 years. Here in that location is a continuous body thought. Just 1/iii of the senate seats are elected every two years. So simply 34 or 33 senators are up for ballot at one fourth dimension. |
| Term limits | None | None |
| Leadership | Nancy Pelosi (D) (Speaker); elected by the House of Representatives. | The President of the Senate [currently Kamala Harris (D) only votes in case of a necktie. When he or she is non available, the President pro tempore, a senator elected by the Senate [currently Patrick Leahy (D)] takes over on his behalf. |
| Majority Leader | Steny Hoyer (D) | Chuck Schumer (D) |
| Minority Leader | Kevin McCarthy (R) | Mitch McConnell (R) |
| Majority Whip | James Clyburn (D) | John Thune (R) |
| Minority Whip | Steve Scalise (R) | Dick Durbin (D) |
| Political groups | Democratic (219), Republican (211), five vacant seats | Republican (48), Autonomous (48), Independent (2) |
| Voting arrangement | First-past-the-mail | First-past-the-mail |
| History | Based on Virginia Program | Based on New Jersey Plan |
Size of Senate vs. House
While there are 100 seats in the Senate (two senators from each land), there are 435 seats in the House of Representatives (one representative from each of the various congressional districts, with the number of congressional districts in each state determined by the population).
The Reapportionment Act of 1929 fix the final number of the House at the current 435, with district sizes adjusted co-ordinate to population growth. Still, as district borders were never defined definitively, they can and oft practise stretch into peculiar shapes due to a exercise known as gerrymandering.
Gerrymandering is used at the state legislature level to create districts that overwhelmingly favor one party. Federal and Supreme Court rulings accept overturned gerrymandering efforts that have been perceived to be based on race, but otherwise some districts have been reconfigured to give one or another political party an extreme political advantage, thus allowing that political party to secure more power in the land and in the House of Representatives.
A line graph showing which political parties take controlled the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate over the years. Click to enlarge.
Roles of Representatives and Senators
The House plays a major function in government, mainly that of initiating all revenue-based legislation. Any proposal to enhance taxes must come from the House, with Senate review and approving. The Senate, on the other hand, has sole power of approval on foreign treaties and cabinet and judicial nominations, including appointments to the Supreme Court.
In cases of impeachment (e.g., Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998), the House determines if charges can exist brought confronting the official, and a simple majority vote approves or rejects the filing of charges (the impeachment process). If approved, the Senate so serves equally the investigative/judicial body to determine if the charges merit removing the accused official from his or her office. Withal, the vote in the Senate has to represent "a significant bulk," usually taken to mean 67 of the 100 votes.
Members of Congress are deemed to be "beyond the power of abort" while in part, except in cases of treason, murder, or fraud. This stipulation has been used by representatives and senators to avoid subpoenas and other judicial procedures. A senator can waive the privilege at whatsoever fourth dimension, just a member of the House has to submit his or her petition to a general vote. If a uncomplicated bulk approves, the privilege tin can be waived.
Congress has the power to subpoena any citizen. Noncompliance with a congressional subpoena tin can carry up to a one-year jail sentence. The case is heard in a judicial forum, and punishment (a sentence) for those found guilty of "contempt of Congress" is handled strictly by the judicial organization.
The succession guild in the federal government is president, vice president and then Speaker of the House, the leader of the representatives. The vice president is considered the "president" of the Senate, though he or she is not required or even expected to attend near Senate sessions. The Senate elects a "President Pro Tempore," oftentimes the senior, or longest-serving, senator of the majority party, who is responsible for managing 24-hour interval-to-mean solar day business.
Length of Terms
Senators are elected for a six-year term, but House representatives merely have two-year terms before they need to seek reelection. Every member of the Business firm is upwardly for ballot or reelection every two years, but the Senate has a staggered organisation wherein simply one-tertiary of the Senators are up for ballot or reelection every two years. It is possible for the House to change to a large extent (in terms of party command) every two years, but changes are slower in the Senate. In both chambers, incumbents take a great advantage over challengers, winning more than than ninety% of all contested races.
Qualifications
To be eligible as a representative, a person needs to be at least 25 years one-time at the time of the election and have lived continuously in the U.S. for at least 7 years. To become a senator, i must be at to the lowest degree thirty years old at the time of the election and have lived continuously in the U.S. for at least 9 years. It is non a requirement to be a natural-born citizen in order to get a member of Congress.
Committees
Most of Congress' work takes identify in committees. Both the Business firm and Senate have standing, special, conference, and articulation committees.
Standing committees are permanent and provide longer-serving members with ability bases. In the House, key committees include Upkeep, Ways and Means, and Armed Services, while the Senate has Appropriations, Foreign Relations, and Judiciary committees. (Some committees be in both chambers, such as Budget, Armed Services, and Veterans Affairs.) Special committees are temporary, formed to investigate, analyze, and/or evaluate specific issues. Conference committees are formed when legislation is approved in both the House and Senate; they finalize the language in legislation. Articulation committees feature members of the House and Senate, with leadership of each commission alternating betwixt members of each chamber.
Committees also have subcommittees, which are formed to focus more closely on certain problems. Some take become permanent, but most are formed for limited time frames. Although useful for zeroing in on key issues, the proliferation of committees, and especially subcommittees, has decentralized the legislative process and significantly slowed information technology, making Congress less responsive to changing trends and needs.
Debating legislation has stricter rules in the House than in the Senate, applicable at both the commission and whole-body levels. In the Firm, fence time is restricted and topics are set beforehand, with discussions limited to the calendar. In the Senate, the tactic called filibustering is allowed. Once the flooring is ceded to a senator, he or she can speak for every bit long equally the senator chooses, on any topic; no other concern can exist transacted while the person speaks. A filibuster is used to cake potential legislation or Senate decisions until a favorable vote can be called. This has resulted in sometimes comically absurd efforts on the role of senators. For instance, during a 2013 filibuster over the Affordable Intendance Act, Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) read from Green Eggs and Ham.
Origins of House and Senate
In full general, the Firm represents the population, while the Senate represents a "landed/big property" populace. In colonial times, the proposed "legislative body" had two models. The Virginia Plan, endorsed by Thomas Jefferson, created a group of representatives based on population sizes, then that more populous states would accept a greater voice in legislative issues. Opposing it was the New Jersey Plan that limited each country to the same number of representatives; the plan suggested that there be something between ii to five representatives per state. The New Jersey Plan was criticized for holding larger states "hostage" to smaller states, equally each would take the same ability base. This article in The New Yorker dissects it well:
James Madison and Alexander Hamilton absolutely hated the idea that each state should be entitled to the aforementioned number of senators regardless of size. Hamilton was withering on the topic. "As states are a collection of individual men," he harangued his fellow-delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, "which ought we to respect well-nigh, the rights of the people composing them, or of the artificial beings resulting from the composition? Nothing could be more preposterous or cool than to sacrifice the former to the latter."
Per the Connecticut Compromise at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, the Usa adopted the bicameral system of the English Parliament (i.e., House of Lords and House of Commons). The compromise was between the Virginia plan (small country) and the New Bailiwick of jersey proposal (large country), 2 competing ideas on whether each state should get equal representation in the federal government or whether representation should exist based on population. The compromise established that representatives in the lower house (House of Representatives) will exist based on a population number (called a "commune") while the upper house (Senate) would contain 2 representative from each state. Information technology was also decided that all classes would exist eligible to get senators, subject field to age and residency restrictions.
References
- Congress.gov
- The System of Congress - Cliff Notes
- Wikipedia: United States House of Representatives
- Wikipedia: United States Senate
- Wikipedia: Structure of the United states Congress
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