Ivan Denisovich Art Is Not a Matter of Why

1962 novella by Alexander Solzhenitsyn

I Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

Author	Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Original title	Один день Ивана Денисовича
Translators	Ralph Parker (1963); Ron Hingley and Max Hayward (1963); Gillon Aitken (1970); H.T. Willetts (1991)
Country	Soviet Union
Linguistic communication	Russian
Publisher	Signet Classic
Publication engagement	1962
ISBN	0-451-52310-five
OCLC	29526909

1 Twenty-four hour period in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (Russian: Один день Ивана Денисовича, romanized: Odin den' Ivana Denisovicha , IPA: [ɐˈdʲin ˈdʲenʲ ɪˈvanə dʲɪˈnʲisəvʲɪtɕə]) is a short novel past the Russian writer and Nobel laureate Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, first published in November 1962 in the Soviet literary mag Novy Mir (New World).^[1] The story is set in a Soviet labor camp in the early 1950s and describes a single day in the life of ordinary prisoner, Ivan Denisovich Shukhov.

The book's publication was an extraordinary consequence in Soviet literary history, since never earlier had an account of Stalinist repressions been openly distributed. Novy Mir editor Aleksandr Tvardovsky wrote a short introduction for the issue entitled "Instead of a Foreword" to prepare the journal's readers for what they were virtually to feel.

Translations [edit]

At least five English translations accept been made. Of those, Ralph Parker's translation (New York: Dutton, 1963) was the first to be published,^{[ii] [3]} followed by Ronald Hingley and Max Hayward'southward (New York: Praeger, 1963), Bela Von Block's (New York: Lancer 1963), and Gillon Aitken's (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1971). The fifth translation, past H.T. Willetts (New York: Noonday/Farrar Straus Giroux, 1991), is the only ane that is based on the approved Russian text^[4] and the merely one authorized by Solzhenitsyn.^[v] The English language spelling of some character names differs slightly among the translations.

Plot [edit]

Ivan Denisovich Shukhov has been sentenced to a army camp in the Soviet Gulag system. He was accused of becoming a spy subsequently being captured briefly by the Germans as a pw during World State of war Two. Although innocent, he is sentenced to ten years in a forced labor camp.

The twenty-four hours begins with Shukhov waking up feeling unwell. For arising late, he is forced to clean the guardhouse, merely this is a comparatively minor punishment. When Shukhov is finally able to exit the guardhouse, he goes to the dispensary to report his illness. Information technology is relatively late in the morning time by this time, however, so the orderly is unable to exempt any more than workers and Shukhov must work.

The rest of the novel deals mainly with Shukhov'southward squad (the 104th, which has 24 members), their allegiance to the squad leader, and the work that the prisoners (zeks) practice in hopes of getting extra food for their functioning. For example, they are seen working at a cruel structure site where the common cold freezes the mortar used for bricklaying if non applied quickly enough. Solzhenitsyn likewise details the methods used by the prisoners to survive; the whole army camp lives past the rule of day-to-solar day survival.

Tyurin, the foreman of gang 104, is strict merely kind, and the squad's fondness of Tyurin becomes more axiomatic as the book progresses. Though a morose homo, Tyurin is liked considering he understands the prisoners, he talks to them, and he helps them. Shukhov is one of the hardest workers in the team, possessing versatile skills that are in great demand, and he is generally well-respected. Rations are meager – prisoners only receive them on the ground of how productive their piece of work units are (or the authorities call up they accept been) – but they are one of the few things that Shukhov lives for. He conserves the food that he receives and is ever watchful for any detail that he can hide and trade for nutrient at a later date, or for favors and services he can do prisoners that they will give thanks him for in small gifts of food.

At the cease of the twenty-four hours, Shukhov is able to provide a few special services for Tsezar (Caesar), an intellectual who does role work instead of manual labor. Tsezar is most notable, however, for receiving packages of food from his family. Shukhov is able to get a small share of Tsezar's packages by continuing in lines for him. Shukhov reflects on his solar day, which was both productive and fortuitous for him. He did not become ill, his group had been assigned well paid work, he had filched a second ration of food at lunch, and he had smuggled into camp a minor piece of metal he would way into a useful tool.

Principal characters [edit]

The 104th is the labor-army camp team to which protagonist Ivan Denisovich belongs. There are over 24 members, though the book describes the following characters the nearly thoroughly:

• Ivan Denisovich Shukhov (Иван Денисович Шухов), the protagonist of the novel. The reader is able to encounter Russian military camp life through Shukhov'due south eyes, and information is given through his thoughts, feelings, and actions. Although the title refers to the primary character by his given proper noun, Ivan, and patronymic name, Denisovich (son of Denis), the grapheme is primarily referred to past his surname, Shukhov.
• Alyoshka (Алёшка),^[half-dozen] a Baptist. He believes that existence imprisoned is something that he has earned, since it allows him to reflect more on God and Jesus. Alyoshka, surprisingly, is able to hide part of a Bible in the barracks. Shukhov responds to his beliefs past saying that he believes in God but not sky or hell, nor in spending much time on the issue.
• Gopchik (Гопчик), a immature fellow member of the squad who works difficult and for whom Shukhov has fatherly feelings, as he reminds Shukhov of his dead son. Gopchik was imprisoned for taking food to Ukrainian ultranationalists. Shukhov believes that Gopchik has the noesis and adjustment skills to advance far at the military camp.
• Andrey Prokofyevich Tyurin (Андрей Прокофьевич Тюрин), the foreman/squad leader of the 104th. He has been in the camp for nineteen years. Tyurin likes Shukhov and gives him some of the amend jobs, but he is also subject to the camp bureaucracy; Tyurin must argue for meliorate jobs and wages from the military camp officers in lodge to please the squad, who so must piece of work hard in order to delight the camp officers and go more rations.
• Fetyukov (Фетюков), a fellow member of the squad who has thrown away all of his nobility. He is particularly seen equally a lowlife by Shukhov and the other army camp members. He shamelessly scrounges for bits of food and tobacco.
• Tsezar, or Caesar Markovich (Цезарь Маркович), an inmate who works in the camp role and has been given other special privileges; for example, his civilian fur hat was non confiscated by the Personal Holding section. Tzesar is a film director who was imprisoned earlier he could finish his showtime characteristic film. Some discussions in the novel indicate that he holds formalist views in art, which were probably the reason for his imprisonment. A cultured man, Tzesar discusses film with Buynovsky. His somewhat higher class groundwork assures him food parcels.
• Buynovsky (Буйновский) also chosen "The Captain", a sometime Soviet Naval captain and a relative newcomer to the army camp. Buynovsky was imprisoned after he received a gift from an admiral on a British cruiser on which he had served as a naval liaison. In the camp, Buynovsky has non yet learned to be submissive before the wardens.
• Pavlo (Павло), a Ukrainian who serves as deputy foreman/team leader and assists Tyurin in directing the 104th, peculiarly when Tiurin is absent.
• Ivan Kilgas, or Janis Kildigs (Иван Кильдигс), the leading worker of the 104th squad along with Shukhov, a Latvian past nascence. He speaks Russian like a native, having learned it in his childhood. Kilgas is popular with the team for making jokes.
• Senka Klevshin (Сенька Клевшин), a member of the 104th who became deaf from intense fighting during Earth War Ii. He escaped from the Germans three times and was recaptured each time, catastrophe up in the Buchenwald concentration army camp.

History [edit]

One Twenty-four hour period is a sparse, tersely written narrative of a single day of the ten-year labor campsite imprisonment of a fictitious Soviet prisoner, Ivan Denisovich Shukhov.^[vii] Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn had first-paw feel in the Gulag system, having been imprisoned from 1945 to 1953 for writing derogatory comments in letters to friends about the carry of the war by Joseph Stalin, whom he referred to past epithets such as "the master" and "the boss".^{[9] [x]} Drafts of stories institute in Solzhenitsyn's map case had been used to incriminate him (Frangsmyr, 1993). Solzhenitsyn claimed the prisoners wept when news of Stalin's decease reached them. He uses the epithet batka usaty ( батька усатый ) in his novel, which translates to "One-time Whiskers"^[11] or "Old Man Whiskers".^[12] This championship was considered offensive and derogatory, but prisoners were costless to call Stalin whatever they liked:^[12] "Somebody in the room was bellowing: 'Quondam Homo Whiskers won't ever permit you become! He wouldn't trust his ain brother, let lone a bunch of cretins like you!"

In 1957, afterward being released from the exile that followed his imprisonment, Solzhenitsyn began writing One Day. In 1962, he submitted his manuscript to Novy Mir, a Russian literary magazine. The editor, Aleksandr Tvardovsky, was so impressed with the detailed description of life in the labor camps that he submitted the manuscript to the Communist Political party Key Committee for approval to publish it—until and then Soviet writers had not been allowed to refer to the camps. From there it was sent to the de-Stalinist Nikita Khrushchev,^[13] who, despite the objections of some tiptop party members, ultimately authorized its publication with some censorship of the text. Afterward the novel was sent to the editor, Aleksandr Tvardovsky of Novy Mir, it was published in November 1962.^[14]

The labor camp described in the book was 1 that Solzhenitsyn had served some time at, and was located in Karaganda in northern Kazakhstan.

Reception [edit]

1 Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich was specifically mentioned in the Nobel Prize presentation speech when the Nobel Committee awarded Solzhenitsyn the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970.^{[1] [15]}

Following the publication of Ane Day... Solzhenitsyn wrote 4 more than books, three in 1963 and a quaternary in 1966 which cataclysmically led to the controversy of his publications. In 1968, Solzhenitsyn was accused by the Literary Gazette, a Soviet newspaper, of not following Soviet principles. The Gazette'south editors also made claims that Solzhenitsyn was opposing the basic principles of the Soviet Matrimony, his way of writing had been controversial with many Soviet literary critics peculiarly with the publication of One Day ... . This criticism made by the paper gave ascent to farther accusations that Solzhenitsyn had turned from a Soviet Russian into a Soviet enemy, therefore he was branded as an enemy of the state, who, according to the Gazette, had been supporting non-Soviet ideological stances since 1967, perhaps even longer. He, in addition, was accused of de-Stalinisation. The reviews were particularly dissentious. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Soviet Writers' Union in 1969. He was arrested, then deported in 1974.

The novella had sold over 95,000 copies after information technology was released^[three] and throughout the 1960s. While Solzhenitsyn and his work were originally received negatively, under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev, the book's mass publication was allowed to undermine the influence of Josef Stalin on the Soviet Marriage. Critics of this activeness debate that it unleashed liberalization that would cause the publication of more radical works and somewhen the dissolution of the Soviet Union.^[16]

Influence [edit]

One Day is often considered the nearly powerful indictment of the Soviet gulag that was ever written and appeared on the Contained newspaper's poll of the Height 100 books, which surveyed more than 25,000 people.^{[ citation needed ]}

Vitaly Korotich alleged: "The Soviet Union was destroyed past information – and this wave started from Solzhenitsyn's 1 Day".^[17]

Moving picture [edit]

A 1-hour dramatization for television, made for NBC in 1963, starred Jason Robards Jr. in the championship role and was broadcast on November 8, 1963. A 1970 film accommodation based on the novella starred British actor Tom Courtenay in the title office. Republic of finland banned the film from public view,^[18] fearing that it could hurt external relations with its eastern neighbor.^[nineteen]

See also [edit]

• In the Claws of the GPU, plain the earliest ever Gulag memoir, published in 1935.
• The Gulag Archipelago
• Gulag: A History
• List of Nobel laureates in Literature

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, or "Odin den iz zhizni Ivana Denisovicha" (novel by Solzhenitsyn). Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
2. ^ Solzhenitsyn, Alexander. One Solar day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963. (Penguin Books ; 2053) 0816
3. ^ ^{a b} Salisbury 1963.
4. ^ Klimoff 1997
5. ^ One 24-hour interval in the Life of Ivan Denisovich . New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux. 1991. pp. backcover. ISBN978-0-00-271607-9.
6. ^ Alexey (Алексей) is used once in the original Russian. Willetts replaces that with Alyoshka.
7. ^ Mckie, Andrew (2011). "I mean solar day in the life of Ivan Denisovich". Nurse Educational activity Today. 31 (half-dozen): 539–540. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2011.04.004. PMID 21546138 – via sciencedirect.
8. ^ Moody, Christopher J. (1973). Solzhenitsyn. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. p. vi. ISBN978-0-05-002600-7.
9. ^ Scammell, Michael (1986). Solzhenitsyn. London: Paladin. p. 153. ISBN978-0-586-08538-seven.
10. ^ Parker translation, p. 126. In a footnote, Parker says this refers to Stalin.
11. ^ ^{a b} Willetts translation, p. 139
12. ^ "Soviet dissident author Solzhenitsyn dies at 89". Reuters. Baronial 3, 2008.
13. ^ John Bayley's introduction and the chronology in the Knopf edition of the Willetts translation.
14. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1970 Presentation Speech" past Karl Ragnar Gierow. The Nobel citation is "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature." Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn did non personally receive the Prize until 1974 later on he had been deported from the Soviet Union.
15. ^ Rosenberg, Steve (2012-11-twenty). "The book which shook the Soviet Marriage". BBC News.
16. ^ Rosenberg, Steve (xix November 2012). "Solzhenitsyn's Ane Day: The book that shook the USSR". BBC. Moscow. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
17. ^ 1 Solar day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1963) at IMDb
    One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1970) at IMDb
18. ^ Solsten, Eric; Meditz, Sandra West., eds. (1988). "Mass Media". Finland: A Country Study. CountryStudies.US. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.

Sources [edit]

• Feuer, Kathryn (Ed). Solzhenitsyn: A collection of Critical Essays. (1976). Spectrum Books, ISBN 0-13-822619-9
• Moody, Christopher. Solzhenitsyn. (1973). Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh ISBN 0-05-002600-3
• Labedz, Leopold. Solzhenitsyn: A documentary tape. (1970). Penguin ISBN 0-14-003395-5
• Scammell, Michael. Solzhenitsyn. (1986). Paladin. ISBN 0-586-08538-6
• Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. Invisible Allies. (Translated by Alexis Klimoff and Michael Nicholson). (1995). The Harvill Printing ISBN 1-86046-259-vi
• Grazzini, Giovanni. Solzhenitsyn. (Translated by Eric Mosbacher) (1971). Michael Joseph, ISBN 0-7181-1068-iv
• Burg, David; Feifer, George. Solzhenitsyn: A Biography. (1972). ISBN 0-340-16593-6
• Medvedev, Zhores. 10 Years Later Ivan Denisovich. (1973). Knopf, ISBN 0394490266
• Rothberg, Abraham. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: The Major Novels. (1971). Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0668-iv
• Klimoff, Alexis (1997). One Twenty-four hour period in the Life of Ivan Denisovich: A Disquisitional Companion. Evanston, Sick: Northwestern University Press. ISBN978-0-8101-1214-viii. (preview)
• Salisbury, Harrison Eastward. (January 22, 1963). "1 Twenty-four hour period in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (review)". New York Times.
• Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (1980). The Oak and the Calf: Sketches of Literary Life in the Soviet Marriage . Harry Willetts (trans.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN978-0-06-014014-iv. . In the early chapters, Solzhenitsyn describes how 1 Day came to exist written and published.
• Nobel Lectures, Literature 1968-1980, Editor-in-Charge Tore Frängsmyr, Editor Sture Allén, Earth Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1993.
• Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (1995). One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. H. T. Willetts (trans.), John Bayley (intro.). New York: Knopf, Everyman's Library. ISBN978-0-679-44464-0.
• Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (2000). One Twenty-four hour period in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. Ralph Parker (trans. and intro.). Penguin Modernistic Classics. ISBN978-0-fourteen-118474-vi.

External links [edit]

• Text of One Twenty-four hours in the Life of Ivan Denisovich translated past H.T. Willets (in English language)
• Text of Ane Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (in Russian)
• One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1970) at IMDb
• Audiobook (in Russian)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_in_the_Life_of_Ivan_Denisovich

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